(Bentuk--Bentuk
waktu)
Tenses dalam bahasa
inggris berarti time (waktu). Kata tense berarti kata kerja atau kumpulan kata
yang digunakan untuk mengekspresikan hubungan waktu. Tenses menunjukkan apakah
itu dalam tindakan, aktifitas waktu sekarang, lampau atau akan datang sebagai
tambahan verb tense menunjukkan apakah aktifitas itu sudah berlangsung pada
waktu lampau atau masing--masing berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Di dalam kata kerja bahasa inggris
mempunyai 5 bentuk susunan.
Simple form
(infinitif) work give sing
Third person
singular work gives sings
Present participle working giving singing
Past Tense worked gave sang
Past participle worked given sung
Kata kerja work adalah kata kerja yang umum yang mewakili kata kerja dalam
bahasa inggris. Dan kata tersebut disebut dengan regular verb(kata kerja beraturan). Regular verb dari Past Tense dan Past Participle dengan
menambahkan –d atau –ed untuk kata kerja yang dalam
bentuk past tense dan past participle berbeda. Kata kerja tersebut disebut Irregular verb (kata kerja taj beraturan).
Semua kata kerja bahasa
inggris baik itu regular dan irregular orang ketiga tunggal dengan menambahkan –s atau –es. Dan semua bentuk present participle dengan menambahkan
–ing.
Dari kelima skema diatas hanya ada tiga
yang dapat digunakan sebagai predikat suatu kalimat. Ketiganya itu adalah the simple, the thirdperson singular, dan
the past tense. Untuk yang lainnya dapat digunakan dengan menambahkan
auxilaries.
1
I. PRESENT TENSE (Waktu
Sekarang )
1.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
(Waktu
sekarang sederhana)
*Funtion
a. untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan
yang biasa di lakukuan b. untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran yang tak dapat di bantah.
*Adv of time :
-- every day -- every night
-- every morning -- often
-- always -- usually
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+tobe(is,am,are)+o/c
(---) S+tobe+not+o/c
( ?) tobe+S+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+V1(s/es)+o/c
(---) S+do/does+not+V1+o/c
( ?) do/does+S+V1+o/c
?
*Example :
Nominal
(+) He is a doctor
(---) He isn’t a doctor.
( ?) is he a doctor ?
Verbal
(+) I study English every night
(---) I don’t study English every night
( ?) do I study English
every night ?
2
2.
present continiuous tense
(Waktu
berlangsung sekarang)
*Funtion
a. untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang
berlangsung
b. untuk
menyatakan perbuatan yang akan datang.
*Adv of time:
-- now -- today
-- soon -- this
morning
--to night -- etc.
*Formula :
Nominal
(+)S+tobe(is,am,are)+being+o/c
(---) S+tobe+not+being+o/c
( ?) tobe+S+being+o/c ?
Verbal
(+)S+tobe+V1+ing+o/c
(---) S+tobe+not+V1+ing+o/c
(---) S+tobe+not+V1+ing+o/c
( ?) tobe+S+V1+ing+o/c ?
*Example :
Nominal
(+) We are being dinner to night
(---) We aren’t being dinner to
night
( ?) are We being dinner to night ?
Verbal
(+) My sister is reading a comic
this morning
(---) My sister isn’t reading a
comic this morning
( ?) is your sister reading a comic
this morning ?
3
3.
present perfect tense
(Waktu
selesai sekarang)
*Funtion
a. untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang
dilakukan waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung hingga sekarang
b. untuk menerangkan perbuatan yang telah
selesai secara sempurna
c. untuk menerangkan suatu perbuatan ulangan
pada waktu yang tidak menentu sebelum sekarang.
*Adv of time :
-- just
--finally
-- once
--this week
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+have/has+been+o/c
(---) S+have/has+not+been+o/c
( ?) have/has+S+been+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+have/has+V3+o/c
(---) S+have/has+not+V3+o/c
( ?) have/has+S+V3+o/c ?
*Example :
Nominal
(+) He have been there for an hour
(---) He haven’t been there for an
hour
( ?) have he been there for an hour
?
Verbal
(+) She has already eaten
(---) She hasn’t already
eaten
( ?) has she already eaten ?
4
4.
present perfect continuous tense
(Waktu selesai dengan berlansung sekarang)
*Funtion
Bentuk
ini dipergunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan
masih berlangsung hingga sekarang.
*Adv of time :
-- since --this
year
-- all day
-- all long day
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+have/has+been+being+o/c
(---) S+have/has+not+been+being+o/c
( ?) have/has+S+been+being+o/c ?
(---) S+have/has+not+been+being+o/c
( ?) have/has+S+been+being+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+have/has+been+verb ing+o/c
(---) S+have/has+not+ been+verb ing+o/c
( ?) have/has+S+been+verb ing+o/c
(---) S+have/has+not+ been+verb ing+o/c
( ?) have/has+S+been+verb ing+o/c
*Example :
Nominal
Nominal
(+) We have been being at the beach
this year
(---) We haven’t been being at the beach this year
(---) We haven’t been being at the beach this year
( ?) have We been being at the beach
this year?
Verbal
(+)
Ani has been doing the work all day
(---) Ani hasn’ been doing the work all day
( ?) has ani been doing the work all day ?
(---) Ani hasn’ been doing the work all day
( ?) has ani been doing the work all day ?
5
II. PAST
TENSE (Waktu Lampau)
5.
simple past tense
(Waktu
lampau sekarang)
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah terjadi pada waktu lampau dalam bentuk
sederh ana dan diketahui waktu terjadi
nya itu.
*Adv of time :
-- yesterday -- last year
-- last week -- ago
-- last moon
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) s+V2+o/c
(---) s+did not+V1+o/c
( ?) did+s+V1+o/c
(---) s+did not+V1+o/c
( ?) did+s+V1+o/c
Verbal
(+) s+was/were+o/c
(---) s+was/were+not+o/c
(---) s+was/were+not+o/c
( ?) was/were+s+o/c
*Example :
Nominal
(+) They were students last week
(---) They weren’t students last week
( ?) were they students last week?
(---) They weren’t students last week
( ?) were they students last week?
Verbal
(+) I wrote a letter last night
(---) I didn’t write a letter last night
(---) I didn’t write a letter last night
( ?) did I urite a letter
last night ?
6
6.
past continuous tense
(Waktu sedang berlangsung lampau )
(Waktu sedang berlangsung lampau )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian atau pekerjaan yang
sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau .
*Adv of time :
--yesterday --this morning
--last night --a week go
-- while
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+was/were+V ing+o/c
(---) S+was/were+not+V ing+o/c
( ?) was/were+S+V ing+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S + was/were+V ing+o/c
(---) S+was/were+not+V ing+o/c
(?) was/were+S+V ing+o/c ?
*Example :
Nominal
(+) he was listening radio all night yesterday
(---) He wasn’t listening radio all night yesterday
(?) was He listening radio
all night yesterday ?
Verbal
(+) I was eating rice yesterday
(---) I wasn’t eating rice yesterday
(?)
was I eating rice yesterday?
7
7. past perfect tense (Waktu
selesai lampau )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan
untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah selesai sebelum berbuatan lain di
lakukan pada masa lampau.
*Adv of time :
--before --until
--after
--when
*Formula
:
Nominal
(+) S+had+been+o/c
(---) S+had+not+been+o/c
(---) S+had+not+been+o/c
( ?) had+S+been+o/c ?
Verbal :
(+) S+had+V3+o/c
(---) S+had+not+V3+o/c
( ?) had+S+V3+o/c
?
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) Umroh had been at home beforeI came
(---) Umroh had not been at home before I came
( ?) had Umroh been at home before I came ?
Verbal
(+) I had made a cake after my sister came
(---) I had not made a cake after my sister came
( ?) had I made a cake after my sister came ?
8
8 .
past perfect continuous tense
( Waktu
sedang berlangsung selesai lampau )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan
untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang telah di
mulai dan masih berlangsung pada waktu lampau .
*Adv of time :
--when
--yesterday
--already
*Formula
:
Nominal
(+) S+had+been+being+o/c
(---) S+had+not+been+being+o/c
(?) had+S+been+being+o/c ?
Verbal :
(+) S+had+been+V ing+o/c
(---) S+had+not+been+V ing+o/c
(?) had+S+been+V ing+o/c ?
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) She had been being when you play game
(---) She hadn’t been being
when you play game
(?) had she been being when you play game ?
Verbal
(+) I had been going to school yesterday
(---) I hadn’t been going to school yesterday
(?) had I been gong to school yesterday ?
9
III.
FUTURE TENSE
(Waktu
Akan Datang)
9.
simple future tense
(Waktu
akan datang sederhana)
*Funtion
Bentuk ini di pergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan
datang.
*Adv of time :
-- tomorrow
-- soon
-- next week
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+Shall/Will+be+o/c
(---) S+Shall/Will+not+be+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+be+o/c ?
(---) S+Shall/Will+not+be+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+be+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+Shall/Will+V1+o/c
(---) S+Shall/Will+not+V1+o/c
( ?) Shall/Will+S+V1+o/c ?
( ?) Shall/Will+S+V1+o/c ?
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) Yuni will be there tomorrow
(---) Yuni will not be there tomorrow
( ?) will Yuni be there tomorrow ?
( ?) will Yuni be there tomorrow ?
Verbal
(+) I shall go to holiday next week
(---) I shall not go to holiday next week
( ?) shall I go to holiday next week ?
(---) I shall not go to holiday next week
( ?) shall I go to holiday next week ?
10
10.
future continuous tense
(Waktu
berlangung akan datang )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan
untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan yang akan sedang terjadi.
*adv of time
-- Tomorrow -- next week
-- next Monday --
to night
-- next moon -- late
*Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+Shall/Will+being+o/c
(---) S+Shall/Will+not+being+o/c
( ?) Shall/Will+S+being+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+Shall/Will+be+V ing+o/c
(---) S+Shall/Will+not+be+V ing+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+be+V ing+o/c ?
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) They will at home being tomorrow
(---) They will not at home being tomorrow
( ?) will They at home being tomorrow
Verbal
(+) I shall be buying a book at seven to night
(---) I shall not be buying a book at seven to night
( ?) shall I be buying a book at seven to night ?
11
11.
future perfect tense
( Waktu
selesai akan datang )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan
untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sudah dimulai pada waktu lampau , dan
segera selesai pada waktu yang akan datang .
*Adv of
time :
-- by Sunday -- by monday
-- This night -- by
friday
-- before
*Formula
:
Nominal
(+) S+shall/will+have+been+o/c
(---) S+shall/will+not+have+been+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+have+been+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+shall/will+have+V3+o/c
(---) S+shall/will+not+have+V3+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+have+V3+o/c ?
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) She will have been here
by this night
(---) She will not have been here by this night
( ?) will She have been here by this night ?
Verbal
(+) We will have done it by sunday
(---) We will not have done it by sunday
( ?) will We have done it by sunday ?
12
12.
future perfect continuous tense
(Waktu
sedang berlangsung selesai akan datang)
*Funtion
Bentuk ini pengertiannya
adalah future perfect, tetapi kemungkinan masih dilanjutkan pada waktu
mendatang.
*Adv of
time :
-- for a week
-- two years by this
year
-- 2 hourse by four
o’clock
*Formula
:
Nominal
(+) S+shall/will+have+been+being+o/c
(---) S+shall/will+not+have+ been+being+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+have+been+being+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+shall/will+have+been+V ing+o/c
(---) S+shall/will+not+have+been+V ing+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+have+been+V ing+o/c ?
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) He will have been being at the sulawesi
(---) He will not have been being at the sulawesi
( ?) will He have been being at the sulawesi
Verbal
(+) I shall have been studying here for two years by this year
(---) I shall not have been studying here for two years by this years
( ?) shall I have been studying here for two years by this years?
13
Verbal
(+) I shall have been studying here for two years by this year
(---) I shall not have been studying here for two years by this years
( ?) shall I have been studying here for two years by this years?
*****************************************
IV. PAST FUTURE TENSE
(Waktu Akan Datang Lampau)
13.
past future tense
(Waktu
akan datang waktu lampau )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu perbuatan yang akan datang yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
*Adv of time :
-- last night -- the
next day
-- month before
-- day before
*Formula
:
Nominal
(+) S+should/would+be+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+be+o/c
( ?) should/would+S+be+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+should/would+V1+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+V1+o/c
( ?) should/would+S+V1+o/c ?
14
*Example
:
Nominal
(+) She would be here the day before
(---) She would not be here the day before
( ?) would She be here the day before ?
Verbal
(+) I should go to Bali the month
before
(---) I should not go to Bali the
month before
( ?) should I go to Bali the
month before ?
**********************************************
14.
past future continiuous tense
(Waktu
akan sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau)
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dipergunakan
untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syaratnya
tidak terpenuhi pada waktu lampau .
* adv of
time :
-- last week -- following day
-- last night
-- march last year
*Formula
:
Nominal
(+) S+shall/will+have+been+being+o/c
(---) S+shall/will+not+have+been+being+o/c
( ?) shall/will+S+have+been+being+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+should/would+be+V ing+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+be+V ing+o/c
( ?) should/would+S+be+V ing+o/c ?
15
*Example :
Nominal
(+) She shall have been being at Bali
last week
(---) She shall not have been being at Bali
last week
( ?) shall She have been being at Bali
last week ?
Verbal
(+) Sari would be reading a magazine at nine last night
(---) Sari would not be reading a magazine at nine last night
( ?) would Sari be reading a
magazine at nine last night ?
*******************************************
15.past
feturu perfect tense
(Waktu
akan sudah selesai pada waktu lampau )
*Funtion
Bentuk ini dapat
dipergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang tidak mungkin terjadi
terpenuhi pada waktu lampau.
*Adv of time :
-- last year -- the day before --last month
-- the week before --last week
* Formula :
Nominal
(+) S+should/would+have+been+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+have+been+o/c
(?) should/would+S+have+been+o/c ?
(---) S+should/would+not+have+been+o/c
(?) should/would+S+have+been+o/c ?
Verbal
(+) S+should/would+have+V3+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+have+V3+o/c
(?) should/would+S+have+V3+o/c ?
(---) S+should/would+not+have+V3+o/c
(?) should/would+S+have+V3+o/c ?
16
*Example :
Nominal
(+) She would have been stupid if
he had lazy
(---) She would not have been stupid if he had lazy
(?) would she have been stupid if he had lazy ?
Verbal
(+) They should have
studied biology last week
(---) They should not have studied biology last week
(?) should they have
studied biology last week?
*******************************************
16.past
future perfect
continous tense
(Waktu akan
sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau)
*Funtion
Bentuk ini sama halnya” feturu perfect continous’’ dalam bentuk
lampau.
* adv of
time :
--last year --by the end of…
-- a month by last
march
-- a year by last
desember
*formula
:
Verbal
(+) S+should/would+have+been+V ing+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+have+been+V ing+o/c
(?) should/would+S+have+been+V ing+o/c
(---) S+should/would+not+have+been+V ing+o/c
(?) should/would+S+have+been+V ing+o/c
17
*Example
:
Verbal
(+) He would have been leaving Jakarta for two weeks by last March
(---) He would not have been leaving Jakarta for two weeks by last March
(?)
would he have been leaving Jakarta
for two weeks by last March
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